SOP for testing the susceptibility of adult sand flies to insecticides in WHO tube tests

This SOP describes the procedure for evaluating the susceptibility of adult sand fly vectors (Phlebotomus spp. and Lutzomyia longipalpis) to insecticides with the WHO tube test. The bioassay procedure described directly measures response to exposure, as sand fly mortality 24h after exposure to a known standard concentration of an insecticide (e.g., the discriminating concentration, DC) for 1 h. This procedure should be followed to test the susceptibility of sand flies to insecticides that can be impregnated onto filter papers and not for insecticides that are unstable or cannot be impregnated on filter papers.